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Level
194 pages
- The 45 minute roundSystem design · Foundation · 13 min
- Scaling from one serverSystem design · Foundation · 18 min
- Back of the envelope mathSystem design · Foundation · 11 min
- Availability and the ninesSystem design · Foundation · 16 min
- Load balancingSystem design · Foundation · 15 min
- SQL vs NoSQLSystem design · Foundation · 16 min
- CAP theoremSystem design · Foundation · 13 min
- Caching patternsSystem design · Core · 15 min
- Replication and quorumsSystem design · Core · 15 min
- ShardingSystem design · Core · 14 min
- Consistent hashingSystem design · Core · 18 min
- Message queuesSystem design · Core · 15 min
- CDNsSystem design · Core · 15 min
- Real-time connections at scaleSystem design · Core · 13 min
- API designSystem design · Core · 11 min
- Observability as a design componentSystem design · Core · 11 min
- Security in system designSystem design · Core · 13 min
- Design a URL shortenerSystem design · Core · 32 min
- Design a rate limiterSystem design · Core · 28 min
- Design a unique ID generatorSystem design · Core · 28 min
- Design a key value storeSystem design · Senior · 34 min
- Design Instagram feedSystem design · Core · 31 min
- Design WhatsAppSystem design · Core · 24 min
- Design a notification serviceSystem design · Core · 32 min
- Design Google search autocompleteSystem design · Core · 34 min
- Design a web crawlerSystem design · Senior · 29 min
- Design DropboxSystem design · Senior · 39 min
- Design a proximity serviceSystem design · Senior · 33 min
- Design UberSystem design · Senior · 38 min
- Design TicketmasterSystem design · Senior · 32 min
- Design a distributed job schedulerSystem design · Senior · 30 min
- What changes at senior and staffSystem design · Senior · 11 min
- Design Google SearchSystem design · Staff · 35 min
- Design an ad click aggregatorSystem design · Staff · 35 min
- Design a metrics systemSystem design · Staff · 35 min
- Design object storageSystem design · Staff · 35 min
- Design a global databaseSystem design · Staff · 36 min
- Design a video streaming serviceSystem design · Staff · 34 min
- Design YouTubeSystem design · Staff · 40 min
- Design Google DocsSystem design · Staff · 35 min
- Design an LLM inference platformSystem design · Staff · 38 min
- Design a UPI style payment railSystem design · Staff · 37 min
- Design IRCTC tatkal bookingSystem design · Senior · 37 min
- Design live cricket score fan outSystem design · Senior · 34 min
- How an LLM worksAI engineering · Foundation · 9 min
- Tokens, context and costAI engineering · Foundation · 7 min
- Prompting as an interfaceAI engineering · Foundation · 7 min
- Structured output and toolsAI engineering · Core · 8 min
- Embeddings and vector searchAI engineering · Core · 8 min
- RAG from scratchAI engineering · Core · 9 min
- Chunking and retrieval qualityAI engineering · Core · 8 min
- Query transformationAI engineering · Senior · 6 min
- Advanced indexingAI engineering · Senior · 7 min
- Agentic RAGAI engineering · Senior · 8 min
- GraphRAGAI engineering · Senior · 7 min
- Multimodal RAGAI engineering · Senior · 6 min
- Evaluating RAGAI engineering · Senior · 6 min
- What an agent isAI engineering · Core · 9 min
- Loop engineeringAI engineering · Core · 9 min
- Agent design patternsAI engineering · Core · 9 min
- Context engineering and memoryAI engineering · Senior · 8 min
- Multi-agent systemsAI engineering · Senior · 8 min
- Building agents with LangGraphAI engineering · Core · 9 min
- Agent frameworks comparedAI engineering · Core · 10 min
- Human in the loop and durable agentsAI engineering · Senior · 7 min
- Tool design and MCP basicsAI engineering · Core · 8 min
- MCP architectureAI engineering · Core · 8 min
- Build an MCP serverAI engineering · Core · 7 min
- MCP security and authAI engineering · Senior · 8 min
- A2A and agent protocolsAI engineering · Senior · 7 min
- EvalsAI engineering · Core · 8 min
- Guardrails and prompt injectionAI engineering · Senior · 9 min
- Latency and costAI engineering · Senior · 9 min
- Design a support assistantAI engineering · Staff · 19 min
- Design a coding agentAI engineering · Staff · 18 min
- How a database runs a queryDatabases · Foundation · 8 min
- IndexesDatabases · Core · 9 min
- Transactions and ACIDDatabases · Core · 7 min
- Isolation levelsDatabases · Senior · 7 min
- NormalizationDatabases · Foundation · 7 min
- Scaling a databaseDatabases · Core · 7 min
- ReplicationDatabases · Core · 10 min
- Partitioning and shardingDatabases · Core · 11 min
- Storage enginesDatabases · Senior · 8 min
- Backups and recoveryDatabases · Core · 8 min
- JoinsDatabases · Foundation · 6 min
- SQL interview questionsDatabases · Core · 7 min
- SQL cheat sheetDatabases · Foundation · 7 min
- RedisDatabases · Core · 11 min
- MongoDBDatabases · Core · 10 min
- DynamoDBDatabases · Core · 11 min
- Partial failureDistributed systems · Foundation · 12 min
- Time and clocksDistributed systems · Core · 13 min
- Retries, backoff and circuit breakersDistributed systems · Senior · 12 min
- Tail latency at scaleDistributed systems · Senior · 9 min
- Failure detection and gossipDistributed systems · Senior · 9 min
- Consistency modelsDistributed systems · Senior · 10 min
- Consensus with RaftDistributed systems · Senior · 14 min
- Leader election, leases and locksDistributed systems · Senior · 12 min
- Exactly-once in practiceDistributed systems · Senior · 12 min
- Distributed transactionsDistributed systems · Senior · 12 min
- Event sourcing, CDC and the logDistributed systems · Senior · 11 min
- CRDTsDistributed systems · Senior · 10 min
- TypeScript for LLDLow level design · Foundation · 9 min
- OOPLow level design · Foundation · 6 min
- EncapsulationLow level design · Foundation · 7 min
- AbstractionLow level design · Foundation · 8 min
- InheritanceLow level design · Foundation · 8 min
- PolymorphismLow level design · Foundation · 9 min
- SOLIDLow level design · Core · 5 min
- S: Single responsibilityLow level design · Core · 7 min
- O: Open closedLow level design · Core · 8 min
- L: Liskov substitutionLow level design · Core · 8 min
- I: Interface segregationLow level design · Core · 8 min
- D: Dependency inversionLow level design · Core · 8 min
- Design patternsLow level design · Core · 6 min
- SingletonLow level design · Core · 8 min
- FactoryLow level design · Core · 8 min
- BuilderLow level design · Core · 7 min
- AdapterLow level design · Core · 8 min
- DecoratorLow level design · Core · 7 min
- FacadeLow level design · Core · 8 min
- StrategyLow level design · Core · 8 min
- ObserverLow level design · Core · 9 min
- StateLow level design · Core · 8 min
- CommandLow level design · Core · 9 min
- Design a parking lotLow level design · Core · 27 min
- Authn vs authzArticles · Foundation · 12 min
- SSO vs OIDC vs SAMLArticles · Core · 11 min
- OAuth 2.0 flowsArticles · Core · 9 min
- Sessions vs JWTsArticles · Core · 8 min
- Access vs refresh tokensArticles · Core · 9 min
- API keys vs OAuth vs mTLSArticles · Core · 10 min
- Hashing vs encryption vs encodingArticles · Foundation · 9 min
- Symmetric vs asymmetricArticles · Foundation · 9 min
- Passkeys vs passwords vs OTPArticles · Core · 9 min
- CORS vs CSRFArticles · Core · 8 min
- Cookies vs localStorageArticles · Core · 7 min
- TCP vs UDP vs QUICArticles · Foundation · 10 min
- HTTP/1.1 vs HTTP/2 vs HTTP/3Articles · Core · 7 min
- Proxy vs reverse proxy vs gatewayArticles · Foundation · 9 min
- WebSockets vs SSE vs pollingArticles · Core · 10 min
- REST vs GraphQL vs gRPCArticles · Core · 8 min
- What happens when you type a URLArticles · Foundation · 10 min
- L4 vs L7 load balancingArticles · Core · 9 min
- Strong vs eventual consistencyArticles · Core · 7 min
- Optimistic vs pessimistic lockingArticles · Core · 9 min
- Idempotency keysArticles · Core · 9 min
- At most, at least, exactly onceArticles · Core · 7 min
- Queue vs pub/sub vs streamArticles · Core · 9 min
- OLTP vs OLAPArticles · Core · 8 min
- Push vs pullArticles · Core · 8 min
- Monolith vs microservicesArticles · Core · 10 min
- Vertical vs horizontal scalingArticles · Foundation · 8 min
- Concurrency vs parallelismArticles · Foundation · 8 min
- Processes vs threads vs asyncArticles · Core · 9 min
- Containers vs VMs vs serverlessArticles · Core · 9 min
- Blue-green vs canary vs rollingArticles · Core · 8 min
- Logs vs metrics vs tracesArticles · Core · 8 min
- SLA vs SLO vs SLIArticles · Core · 8 min
- Rate limiting vs backpressureArticles · Core · 7 min
- Webhooks vs pollingArticles · Core · 8 min
- Sync vs async communicationArticles · Foundation · 10 min
- Design doc vs RFC vs ADRArticles · Core · 10 min
- Blocking vs non-blocking reviewArticles · Foundation · 8 min
- Mitigation vs root causeArticles · Core · 9 min
- Take-home vs live codingArticles · Foundation · 8 min
- Behavioural round, remote rolesArticles · Foundation · 8 min
- Unit vs integration vs E2EArticles · Foundation · 9 min
- CI vs continuous deliveryArticles · Core · 9 min
- Feature flags vs branchesArticles · Core · 9 min
- Abstraction vs interfaceArticles · Foundation · 10 min
- SOLID look-alikesArticles · Core · 9 min
- Inversion vs injectionArticles · Core · 9 min
- Strategy vs StateArticles · Core · 9 min
- Adapter vs Decorator vs ProxyArticles · Core · 10 min
- Factory vs BuilderArticles · Core · 9 min
- Strategy vs Template vs CommandArticles · Core · 9 min
- Observer vs pub/subArticles · Core · 9 min
- Bloom vs HyperLogLog vs CMSArticles · Senior · 12 min
- Offset vs cursor paginationArticles · Core · 10 min
- Cache stampedesArticles · Senior · 11 min
- Hot keys and hot partitionsArticles · Senior · 14 min
- Active-passive vs active-active vs cellsArticles · Senior · 13 min
- Zero-downtime migrationsArticles · Senior · 12 min
- Backward vs forward compatibilityArticles · Senior · 12 min
- RAG vs fine-tuning vs long contextArticles · Core · 11 min
- Fine-tune a model on your PCArticles · Core · 13 min
- KV vs prompt vs semantic cacheArticles · Senior · 11 min
- FP16 vs INT8 vs INT4Articles · Senior · 11 min
- Reasoning vs standard modelsArticles · Senior · 12 min
- SFT vs RLHF vs DPOArticles · Senior · 12 min
- Dense vs mixture of expertsArticles · Senior · 11 min
- Voice agentsArticles · Senior · 13 min